(1) Note: The goal of this chapter is not to cover the development of feminism and anti-feminism in Mexico during this time period. Several works that cover this subject in great detail are discussed above in Chapter 1.

(2)Daniel Levy and Gabriel Székely, Mexico: Paradoxes of Stability and Change (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1987), pp. 26-27.

(3)Elodia Cruz F., "Los derechos políticos de la mujer en México." Universidad de México (Mexico City, 1931) 2:12:505-519, pp. 515-516.

(4)Anna Macias, Against All Odds: The Feminist Movement in Mexico to 1940 (Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1982); Shirlene Ann Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in the Revolution and the Struggle for Equality (Denver CO: Arden Press Inc., 1990); Vivian M. Vallens, Working Women in Mexico During the Porfiriato, 1880-1910 (San Francisco CA: R & E Associates Inc., 1978).

(5)Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 10.

(6)Ibid, p. 11.

(7)Macias, Against All Odds; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman; Vallens, Working Women in Mexico.

(8)Macias, Against All Odds, pp. 11-12; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, pp. 11-13.

(9)Macias, Against All Odds; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman; Vallens, Working Women in Mexico.

(10)Ibid.

(11)Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, pp. 19-20.

(12)Angela Alatorre Mendieta, "Galeria de mujeres mexicanas en la revolución." Revista de la Universidad de México, 28:3:15-21 (1973), p. 17.

(13)Alatorre Mendieta, "Galeria de mujeres mexicanas en la revolución"; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman.

(14)Ibid.

(15)Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 25.

(16)In Spanish, as in many other languages, including English, the "neutral" gender language is usually masculine: he, his, him, man's, men etc. In Mexico, because the Constitution was written in this "neutral" form it was very easy to say afterward that the writers of the document intended only for men, literally rather than figuratively, to have political rights.

(17)Macias, Against All Odds; John Plenn, "Forgotten Heroines of Mexico: Tales of Soldaderas, Amazons of War and Revolution," Travel 66:6:24-27, 60; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman.

(18)Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 45.

(19)Anna Macias, "La mujer y la revolución social mexicana." Pp. 3-14 in Boletin Documental Sobre la Mujer (Cuernavaca, Mexico: Comunicación, Intercambio y Desarrollo Humano en América Latina, 1973), p. 9.

(20)Macias, Against All Odds, p. 67; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 72.

(21)Macias, Against All Odds, p. 67.

(22)Macias, Against All Odds, p. 66; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 72.

(23)Macias, Against All Odds, pp. 87-100; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, pp. 81-96.

(24)ANFER, Participación política de la mujer en México, Siglo XX (Mexico: Institución de Capacitación Política, 1984), pp. 10-12; Macías, Against All Odds, pp. 71-72; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, 72-73.

(25)Macias, Against All Odds, p. 77; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 76.

(26)This is noted by several authors, but Macias sums it up nicely: "In her brief (1916-1919) career, Hermila Galindo published more books and essays than did any other feminist in her time or after, largely because she had official support from President Carranza and General Salvador Alvarado." Against All Odds, p. 171.

(27)Galindo was not able to attend the conference personally and sent a representative to present a paper that she had written. Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, pp. 50-51.

(28)ANFER, La participación política de la mujer en México, pp. 12-13.

(29)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 5.

(30)Mexican women were not considered citizens under the Constitution and had few rights if any as such. At this time, not all citizens had the right to vote and hold office.

(31)Quoted in Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 6.

(32)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 7; Soto, The Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 55. Soto's work contains a paragraph almost identical to that found in Morton, including the same reference to the report from the First Committee on Constitutional Reforms.

(33)Macías, Against All Odds, p. 37.

(34)Macias, Against All Odds, 37; Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 9, Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 52.

(35)ANFER, La participación política de la mujer, p. 12; Macias "La mujer en la revolución social", p. 12, Against All Odds, p. 76; Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 9; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, pp. 58-59.

(36)Macias, "La mujer en la revolución social", p. 7.

(37)Macias, Against All Odds, pp. 85-86.

(38)Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 59.

(39)Macias, Against All Odds, p. 103.

(40)Macias, Against All Odds and Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, provide more details on the participation of conservative women in "anti-feminist" activities.

(41)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, pp. 9-10.

(42)Ibid., p. 12.

(43)Macias, Against All Odds, p. 119-121.

(44)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 12.

(45)Cruz F., "Los derechos políticos de la mujer en México," pp. 518-519.

(46)Quoted in Macias, Against All Odds, pp. 138-139 and Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 17.

(47)Macias, Against All Odds, p. 139.

(48)Macias, Against All Odds, p. 140; Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 17; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 124.

(49)Macias, Against All Odds, pp. 141-142; Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, pp. 17-18; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 126.

(50)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 22; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 136.

(51)ANFER, La participación política de la mujer en México, pp. 14-15.

(52)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, pp. 28-29; Macias, Against All Odds, pp. 142-143; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 129.

(53)Quoted in Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 41.

(54)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 23.

(55)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 46; Barbara J. Nelson and Najma Chowdhury (eds.), Women and Politics Worldwide (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 774-775.

(56)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, p. 51.

(57)ANFER, La participación política de la mujer en México, p. 17.

(58)Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, pp. 51-53.

(59)Ibid., pp. 58-59.

(60)ANFER, Participación política de la mujer en México, pp. 33-36; Macias, Against All Odds, p. 145; Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico, pp. 80-81; Soto, Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman, p. 143.

(61)ANFER, Participación política de la mujer en México, p. 19.

(62)The text of the December 31, 1974 decree from the Diario Oficial is reproduced in: ANFER, La participación política de la mujer en Mexico, pp. 48-51.

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